|
 
 |
| ORIGINAL ARTICLE |
|
| Year : 2019 | Volume
: 6
| Issue : 1 | Page : 21-26 |
|
Effectiveness of positive thinking training on anxiety, depression and quality of life of mothers of children with leukemia
Hoda Esmaeili Douki1, Forouzan Elyasi2, Ramezan Hasanzadeh1
1 Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities Sciences, Islamic Azad University Sari Branch, Sari, Iran
2 Department of Psychiatry, Sexual and Reproductive Health Research Center, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Addiction Institute, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| Date of Submission | 29-Oct-2018 |
| Date of Acceptance | 27-Jan-2019 |
| Date of Web Publication | 1-Apr-2019 |
Correspondence Address:
Dr. Forouzan Elyasi
Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry Ward, Imam Khomeini General Hospital, Razi Ave., Sari, Mazandaran
Iran
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | 2 |
DOI: 10.4103/JNMS.JNMS_33_18
Context: Leukemia is the most common pediatric cancer. Diagnosis and treatment of childhood cancer may have adverse psychological effects on children and their families.
Aim: We examined the effectiveness of positive thinking education on anxiety, depression, and quality of life of mothers of children with leukemia.
Settings and Design: This randomized control trial has been conducted during August-September 2017, on 30 mothers of children with leukemia who randomly allocated into two groups using 30 random numbers produced by computer software and assigned to intervention (n = 15) and control (n = 15) groups.
Materials and Methods: Data collection tools included depression, anxiety, stress scale-21, and MOS 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey quality of life questionnaire.
Statistical Analysis Used: The normality of data distribution examined using the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test. Then, data were analyzed using descriptive methods (mean, frequency, and percentage), Chi-square, and independent t-test.
Results: There were no statistically significant differences between the study groups in depression, anxiety, and quality of life variable at baseline (P > 0.05). However after the intervention, results showed significant differences between the study groups in all the three variables in posttest compared to the pretest. The mean scores of depression and anxiety respected, in the intervention group were significantly lower than the control group (P < 0.001) and (P < 0.004). Furthermore, significant differences were found between the study groups in quality of life score (P < 0.05).
Conclusion: Positive thinking training reduced anxiety and depression and increased the quality of life of mothers of children with leukemia.
Keywords: Anxiety, Children, Depression, Leukemia, Mother, Positive thinking, Quality of life
How to cite this article:
Esmaeili Douki H, Elyasi F, Hasanzadeh R. Effectiveness of positive thinking training on anxiety, depression and quality of life of mothers of children with leukemia. J Nurs Midwifery Sci 2019;6:21-6 |
How to cite this URL:
Esmaeili Douki H, Elyasi F, Hasanzadeh R. Effectiveness of positive thinking training on anxiety, depression and quality of life of mothers of children with leukemia. J Nurs Midwifery Sci [serial online] 2019 [cited 2023 Apr 2];6:21-6. Available from: https://www.jnmsjournal.org/text.asp?2019/6/1/21/255326 |
| Introduction | |  |
Cancer is the second leading cause of death in children between the age group of 1 and 14 years old [1] and its most common type is leukemia.[2],[3] Leukemia accounts for about 30% of all cancers in children under the age of 15 years old.[4] A recent study it was reported the most common cancer among children in Iran are the hematology system, brain and central nervous system, and lymph nodes.[5] The childhood leukemia is one of the most prevalent malignancies (30.5%).[6]
Despite medical advances, the development of cancer treatments and an increase in the number of cancer survivors, the disease is still unique in terms of helplessness and deep fear in the individual.[7] The threat of mental health is one of the most common examples of psychological disorders for parents, especially mothers and children with cancer. Hence that, the family caregivers are described as hidden patients.[8],[9] Results of the present study showed having a child with cancer greatly affects the mother's social and work lives as well as emotional well-being.[10],[11] Hence that, in a study it reported, (77%) of mothers and (42%) of fathers have depression symptoms.[11] From the psychiatric point of view, pharmacological therapies have been considered as first-line treatments for mental disorders.[12] However, antidepressant side effects can counteract the beneficial impact of antidepressants by reducing patient well-being and functioning and can decrease adherence to antidepressant treatment.[13],[14] In addition, some patients choose nonpharmacological treatments to reduce stress.[15] One of the ways to cope with stress, anxiety, and depression is to think positively.[16] Positive psychology interventions (PPIs) are “treatment methods or intentional activities aimed at cultivating positive feelings, positive behaviors, or positive cognitions.[17] In a study, it reported that positive psychology, focusing on positive emotions, characteristics, and situations, is a good tool for a good life. In addition, this intervention increased psychological well-being [18] and later a telephone-based positive think intervention among patients with bipolar depression have shown. Feasibility and potentially effective at improving positive psychological outcomes [19] Similarly in a study in Iran, it was reported that positive intervention has been effective in increasing mental well-being, hope, life satisfaction and meaning of life.[20] Nonetheless, few randomized controlled trials in positive thinking training have been conducted, and there are conflicting results. In this line, compared with positive psychology, the cognition-focused intervention was associated with significantly greater improvements in hopelessness at 6 weeks and improvements in depression, suicidal ideation, optimism, and gratitude at 6 and 12 weeks.[21] Moreover, there were no significant differences
Between intervention and control groups in the efficacy of an optimism positive thinking skills program on children in regard to anxiety or depression.[22] These findings provide support for future research using randomized control trial design to measure the impact of a positive thinking training intervention on caregivers” depression.[23] Hence, the purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of positive thinking training on anxiety, depression, and quality of life of mothers of children with leukemia
| Material and Methods | | |
The present randomized controlled trial aimed to evaluate the effect of positive thinking training as compared to usual treatment, on mothers of children with leukemia referred to the Oncology Unit of Bou-Ali Sina Hospital in Sari in August 2017. This center is located in Mazandaran in northern Iran. This study was approved by Research Center in Azad University and an ethical consensus was received from the Ethics Committee under the Research Deputy of Azad University (IR.IAU.SARI.REC.1396.78) which is fully compliant with the Helsinki Declaration of 2008. The participants were randomly allocated to two groups using 30 random numbers produced by computer software and assigned to intervention (n = 15) and control (n = 15) groups. The statistical study population consisted of all mothers hospitalized leukemic children. The sampling method is convenience. To determine the sample size, according to previous studies,[24] and considering the α = 5%, test power of 80%, and probably 20% sample loss, 30 mother of children with leukemia were selected (15 in each group).
Eligibility criteria included the ability to speak fluency in Farsi, Resident of Mazandaran province, willingness to participate and provide written consent, meeting the depression, anxiety, stress scale (DASS-21) questionnaire for depression and anxiety.[25] Mothers were excluded if their child was in medical crisis as determined by the oncologist and a history of psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and serious suicidal thoughts confirmed by clinical interviews, performed by a trained nurse based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual-IV.
The tools used in this study included as follows: (1) demographic questionnaire (2) DASS questionnaire and (3) The MOS 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36).
Demographic information questionnaire included 12 questions (age, marital status, occupation, educational level, social support status, place of residence, number of children, history of psychiatric disorders, and history of using psychiatric drugs) for the mother and (other underlying diseases, cancer in other organs or other physical diseases, and history of another surgery) for the child.
DASS questionnaire includes 21 items that were designed by Lovibond in 1995 to measure psychological constructs of depression, anxiety, and stress. In this study, anxiety and depression subscale of (DASS) were used. Acceptable estimates of reliability were obtained for the scale as a whole via internal consistency and test re-test reliability. Cranach's Alpha for depression and anxiety were 0.85 and 0.85, respectively. As well, test-retest reliability coefficients were 0.77 and 0.89 for depression and anxiety, respectively.[25]
In the study on the Iranian population, the reliability and validity coefficients obtained. The reliability of this scale was investigated through internal consistency, validity using statistical analysis, and criterion validity were determined by concurrently using the Beck depression inventory (BDI), Zung self-rating anxiety scale (SAS). The correlation between the subscale of depression of the DASS-21 and BDI was 0.70, subscale of the anxiety of DASS-21 and SAS was 0.67.[26] Each of the subscales of depression and anxiety consists of 7 questions, which gives the final score of each one through the total score of the questions related to it. Scoring was based on a 4-point Likert scale. Each question is scored from zero (it does not apply to me at all) to 3 (totally is applied to me). The range of answers varies from “never” to “always,” so that individuals can define their answers as one of the options in front of the question. Scoring is from “zero” to “three” as “never,” “often,” “sometimes,” and “always,” and the score 0 for “never” option, 1 for “often,” 2 for “sometimes,” and 3 for “always.”[25]
The MOS SF-36 consists of 36 items that are mainly used to study quality of life and health made by Ware and Sherbourne. It has 36 expressions and eight fields of physical function, physical role, emotional role, vitality, mental health, social performance, physical pain, and general health.
The subject's score in each of these fields varies from 0 to 100, and higher scores show a better quality of life. The validity and reliability of this questionnaire have been confirmed in the Iranian population and internal consistency coefficients of eight subscales are between 0.70 and 0.85, and their test-retest coefficients with a 1-week interval are between 0.43% and 0.79%.[27]
First, the pretest was conducted for both groups, and then the researcher provided intervention in the form of eight sessions for the experimental group. Both control and experimental groups were tested before and after the training intervention
Positive thinking therapeutic package provided some cognitive and behavioral skills according to positive thinking and applied positivism by Susan Quilliam translated by BaratiSadeh and Sadeghi and was used in studies in Iran.[28]
All eight training sessions were held in the hospital's classroom on 1-h weekly sessions.
Description of training sessions
- Session 1: An explanation of how to do a task, the reason for choosing these mothers, getting acquainted with the concept of positive thinking, familiarity with the group, and rules of sessions
- Session 2: Understanding how to shape thinking and attitudes
- Session 3: Familiarity with negative thought and ways to adjust it, positive thinking and its effect on individuals' health and life
- Session 4: Training being positive by challenging negative thoughts, changing mental images, using constructive language, and revising beliefs
- Session 5: Training being positive by institutionalizing positive thinking strategies in life, continuing to practice positive thoughts, and positive thinking opportunities through coping with problems
- Session 6: Being positive in life through a positive relationship, teaching mothers about health as a prerequisite for positivism, establishing good relationships with others, and loving oneself with heart
- Session 7: Being positive by teaching how to stop thinking, relaxing, and changing attitudes, including commitment, suppression, and struggle
- Session 8: Talking about the ways to bring more laughter into our life, creating confidence, and a healthy fitness habit.
Posttest was conducted immediately after eight session's intervention. Written informed consent was obtained from each participant. Participants were voluntary and were informed that they can withdraw their consent to participate at any time. The positive thinking training therapists had passed the relevant courses, had the experience in this regard. All the procedures were approved by the Ethics Committee under the Research Deputy of Azad University. The obtained scores were analyzed by software SPSS version 20 using descriptive statistics (mean, frequency, and percentage), Kolmogorov–Smirnov test, Chi-square, and independent t-test. Kolmogorov-Smirnov test to assess the normal distribution of quantitative variables, Chi-square test was used to match the demographic characteristics of study groups and t-tests are used to compare groups.
| Results | | |
Demographic characteristics of participants are given in [Table 1]. There were no significant differences between the groups in terms of demographic features. | Table 1: Comparison of demographic variables in mothers of children with leukemia between positive thinking training and control groups
Click here to view |
The results showed that there was no significant difference between positive thinking training group and control group before the intervention in anxiety and depression mean scores (P = 0.58) and (P = 0.87), respectively. However after intervention, there was a statistically significant difference between the two groups in anxiety and depression mean scores (P = 0.041) and (P = 0.008), respectively [Table 2]. | Table 2: Comparison of anxiety and depression in positive thinking training and control groups
Click here to view |
The results showed that there was no significant difference between the two groups before the intervention in all domain of quality of life except physical role (0.01). After intervention, there were significant improvements (P = 0.001) in global quality of life and in the other domains of quality of life included physical function (0.0001), physical role (0.01), emotional role (0.002), vitality (0.04), mental health (0.001), social function (0.03), and physical pain (0.005) were found in the intervention group compared to control group [Table 3]. | Table 3: Comparison of quality of life in positive thinking training and control groups
Click here to view |
| Discussion | | |
This study showed that positive thinking training reduced the level of anxiety and depression in mothers of children with leukemia and increased quality of life. In line with the present study, a recent brief report of Prospective and retrospective studies on mothers of children with cancer revealed depression, stress, anxiety, emotional well-being, and hope are impacted by task-oriented positive psychology interventions.[20] In addition to, the results of a meta-analysis show positive psychology interventions as an intentional activity aimed to cultivate positive feelings, behavior, or cognition.[17] In another meta-analysis, it was showed that this type of intervention increased the subjective and psychological well-being, and was helpful in reducing the symptoms of depression in people with certain psychosocial problems who was referred from healthcare professional center or hospital.[29] Furthermore, our findings are consistent with prior research testing positive psychology interventions compared to the control group. In this study, greater improvements in positive affect and optimism on patients with bipolar depression at follow-up were observed. The above-randomized pilot trial, intervention were focused on increasing participants “vocabularies for positive emotions, reinforcing the positive emotions experienced while performing the exercise, and promoting the integration of the exercises into daily life.[19] In recent studies on the effectiveness of positive psychology has been much emphasis. The positive psychology as a new field of psychology studies on the proficiencies and happiness in human scientifically. The happiness or satisfaction as positive excitements can lead to art and science production or creative problem-solving in daily life.” The psychological phenomena such as happiness, optimism, hope, and creativity which resulted from the positive experiences of mind, are focused by positive psychological studies.[30] In other studies, it was reported positive interventions focused on people's talents, rather than their disorders and abnormalities.[31] Nevertheless, in a recent study, the cognition-focused control intervention was superior to telephone-based positive psychology in improving hopelessness and positive psychological constructs during a key postdischarge period among suicidal patients with depression.[21] Nevertheless, it should be noted that our positive thinking training was in person; its effect may be different from telephone-based positive psychology. Meanwhile, we compared the intervention group with the control group, not the other intervention group
The study results clarified that positive thinking training led to an increase in overall quality of life in the intervention group compared to the control group. This result is agreement with the previous study.[32] In this study, researchers founded that; psycho-educational training program has a significant effect on all domains of quality of life of parent's having child with leukemia. In addition to, in recent research the authors presented, that couple therapy with a positive attitude is effective in increasing the happiness of mothers of children with special needs which has a direct relationship with mental health and quality of life.[33] Furthermore, it should be noted that in our country (Iran), mothers are more responsible than fathers for taking care of the physical, emotional, and social needs of their children. Therefore, the provision of special counseling programs for mothers is essential.[34] This approach may seem practical in different phases of treatment in cancer patients and could be utilized to help children and their mothers to cope with the stress of their illnesses.[20]
The current study has several limitations that the results may not be generalized. The first, small sample size limited the power of the study to detect significant differences between the two groups. The second limitation is to compare the intervention group with control group not with another intervention group. The third, lack of follow-up steps to check the stability of the results.
| Conclusion | | |
The results of this randomized controlled trial study indicated that positive thinking training has a great impact on depression, anxiety, and several areas of quality of life in this group of mothers of children with leukemia compared to control group. Hence, using positive thinking intervention can be a helpful and supportive therapy to traditional training. Further research is needed to replicate and extend these findings.
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
Author contribution
All authors contributed to this research.
Financial support and sponsorship
Nil.
Acknowledgments
This paper is the result of a student dissertation and approved by Islamic Azad University of Sari Branch with the code of thesis 32456. Hereby, we sincerely appreciate of women that participated this research.
| References | | |
| 1. | Chang L, Di Lorenzo C, Farrugia G, Hamilton FA, Mawe GM, Pasricha PJ, et al. Functional bowel disorders: A roadmap to guide the next generation of research. Gastroenterology 2018;154:723-35.  |
| 2. | Mousavi SM, Pourfeizi A, Dastgiri S. Childhood cancer in Iran. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2010;32:376-82. |
| 3. | Hopkins J, Burns E, Eden T. International twinning partnerships: An effective method of improving diagnosis, treatment and care for children with cancer in low-middle income countries. J Cancer Policy 2013;1:e8-19. |
| 4. | Kim AS, Eastmond DA, Preston RJ. Childhood acute lymphocytic leukemia and perspectives on risk assessment of early-life stage exposures. Mutat Res 2006;613:138-60. |
| 5. | Khazaei S, Ayubi E, Soheylizad M, Mansori K. Incidence rate and distribution of common cancers among Iranian children. Middle East J Cancer 2016;8:39-42. |
| 6. | Karimi M, Yarmohammadi H. Seasonal variations in the onset of childhood leukemia/lymphoma: April 1996 to March 2000, Shiraz, Iran. Hematol Oncol 2003;21:51-5. |
| 7. | Wu LM, Sheen JM, Shu HL, Chang SC, Hsiao CC. Predictors of anxiety and resilience in adolescents undergoing cancer treatment. J Adv Nurs 2013;69:158-66. |
| 8. | Hacialioglu N, Ozer N, Yilmaz Karabulutlu E, Erdem N, Erci B. The quality of life of family caregivers of cancer patients in the East of Turkey. Eur J Oncol Nurs 2010;14:211-7. |
| 9. | Roche V. The hidden patient: Addressing the caregiver. Am J Med Sci 2009;337:199-204. |
| 10. | Kim MA, Yi J, Sang J, Kim SH, Heo I. Experiences of Korean mothers of children with cancer: A photovoice study. J Psychosoc Oncol 2017;35:128-47. |
| 11. | Chen J, Liu Y, Cai Q, Liu Y, Wang T, Wang J, et al. Depression in parents of children with leukemia in Southern China accompanied by the prevalence of type D personality. Support Care Cancer 2014;22:1277-86. |
| 12. | Cipriani A, Santilli C, Furukawa TA, Signoretti A, Nakagawa A, McGuire H, et al. Escitalopram versus other antidepressive agents for depression. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009;2:CD006532. |
| 13. | Hudson TJ, Fortney JC, Pyne JM, Lu L, Mittal D. Reduction of patient-reported antidepressant side effects, by type of collaborative care. Psychiatr Serv 2015;66:272-8. |
| 14. | Gartlehner G, Wagner G, Matyas N, Titscher V, Greimel J, Lux L, et al. Pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments for major depressive disorder: Review of systematic reviews. BMJ Open 2017;7:e014912. |
| 15. | Rizzo M, Creed F, Goldberg D, Meader N, Pilling S. A systematic review of non-pharmacological treatments for depression in people with chronic physical health problems. J Psychosom Res 2011;71:18-27. |
| 16. | Naseem Z, Khalid R. Positive thinking in coping with stress and health outcomes: Literature review. J Res Reflect Educ 2010;4:42-61. |
| 17. | Sin NL, Lyubomirsky S. Enhancing well-being and alleviating depressive symptoms with positive psychology interventions: A practice-friendly meta-analysis. J Clin Psychol 2009;65:467-87. |
| 18. | Schueller SM, Parks AC. Disseminating self-help: Positive psychology exercises in an online trial. J Med Internet Res 2012;14:e63. |
| 19. | Celano CM, Gomez-Bernal F, Mastromauro CA, Beale EE, DuBois CM, Auerbach RP, et al. Apositive psychology intervention for patients with bipolar depression: A randomized pilot trial. J Ment Health 2018;206:800-8. |
| 20. | Damreihani N, Behzadipour S, Haghpanh S, Bordbar M. The effectiveness of positive psychology intervention on the well-being, meaning, and life satisfaction of mothers of children with cancer: A brief report. J Psychosoc Oncol 2018;36:382-8. |
| 21. | Celano CM, Beale EE, Mastromauro CA, Stewart JG, Millstein RA, Auerbach RP, et al. Psychological interventions to reduce suicidality in high-risk patients with major depression: A randomized controlled trial. Psychol Med 2017;47:810-21. |
| 22. | Rooney RM, Morrison D, Hassan S, Kane R, Roberts C, Mancini V, et al. Prevention of internalizing disorders in 9-10 year old children: Efficacy of the Aussie optimism positive thinking skills program at 30-month follow-up. Front Psychol 2013;4:988. |
| 23. | Bekhet AK, Garnier-Villarreal M. Depression, positive thinking, personal and social resourcefulness among caregivers of persons with autism spectrum disorders. Arch Psychiatr Nurs 2018;32:823-7. |
| 24. | Delavari H, Nasirian M, Baezegar Bafrooei K. Logo therapy effect on anxiety and depression in mothers of children with cancer. Iran J Ped Hematol Oncol 2014;4:42-8. |
| 25. | Asghari A, Saed F, Dibajnia P. Psychometric properties of the depression anxiety stress scales-21 (DASS-21) in a non-clinical Iranian sample. Int J Psychol 2008;2:82-102. |
| 26. | Sahebi A, Asghari M, Salari R. Validation of depression, anxiety and stress scale (DASS-21) for an Iranian population. J Iranian Psychol 2005;1:299-310. |
| 27. | Eshaghi SR, Ramezani MA. Validity and reliability of the short form-36 items questionnaire as a measure of quality of life in elderly Iranian population. Am J Appl Sci 2006;3:1763-6. |
| 28. | Motamed-Jahromi M, Fereidouni Z, Dehghan A. Effectiveness of positive thinking training program on nurses' quality of work life through smartphone applications. Int Sch Res Notices 2017;2017:4965816. |
| 29. | Bolier L, Haverman M, Westerhof GJ, Riper H, Smit F, Bohlmeijer E, et al. Positive psychology interventions: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies. BMC Public Health 2013;13:119. |
| 30. | Carr A. Positive Psychology: The Science of Happiness and Human Strengths. London and New York: Routledge; 2013. |
| 31. | Gander F, Proyer RT, Ruch W, Wyss T. Strength-based positive interventions: Further evidence for their potential in enhancing well-being and alleviating depression. J Happiness Stud 2013;14:1241-59. |
| 32. | Mahmoud S, Elaziz NA. Effect of psycho-educational training program for parent's having child with leukemia on their experience and psychological wellbeing. J Educ Pract 2017;4:1-10. |
| 33. | Ansari Y, Sanaei F. The effect of positive couple therapy on the happiness of mothers of exceptional children. Int Arch Health Sci 2018;5:43-7. [Full text] |
| 34. | Dadsetan P, Ahmadi AA, Hasanabadi H. Parenting stress and general health: A research on the relation between parenting stress and general health among housewife-mothers and nurse-mothers with young children. Dev Psychol 2006;2:171-84. |
[Table 1], [Table 2], [Table 3]
| This article has been cited by | | 1 |
The Effect of Resilience Training on Stress, Anxiety, Depression, and Quality of Life of Hemodialysis Patients: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial |
|
| Mehdi Amirkhani,Nasrin Shokrpour,Leila Bazrafcan,Ameneh Modreki,Shima Sheidai | | Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences. 2021; In Press(In Press) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 2 |
The Effect of Positive Thinking Training on Different Dimensions of Quality of Life of Hemodialysis Patients: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial |
|
| Mahmoudreza Peyravi,Mehdi Amirkhani,Faeze Abadi,Ali Abbasi Jahromi,Shima Sheidaie,Amene Modreki | | Nephro-Urology Monthly. 2020; In Press(In Press) | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | |
|
 |
|
|
|
Search Pubmed for