|
 
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| ORIGINAL ARTICLE |
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| Year : 2020 | Volume
: 7
| Issue : 3 | Page : 186-193 |
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Hospital information system acceptance among the educational hospitals
Saeed Barzegari1
 , Marjan Ghazisaeedi2, Fatemeh Askarian3, Ali Asghar Jesmi4, Hamidreza Sadeghi Gandomani5, Abdolmotalleb Hasani6
1 Department of Health Information Technology, Amol Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari; Ph.D Student of Health Information Management, Department of Health Information Management, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
2 Department of Health Information Technology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
3 MSc of Medical Records, School of Management and Medical Information Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
4 Assistant Professor, Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
5 Trauma Nursing Research Center, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
6 Ph.D Candidate in Nursing, Department of Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| Date of Submission | 04-Jun-2020 |
| Date of Acceptance | 31-May-2020 |
| Date of Web Publication | 23-Jul-2020 |
Correspondence Address:
Mr. Abdolmotalleb Hasani
Ph.D candidate, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan
Iran
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | 7 |
DOI: 10.4103/JNMS.JNMS_8_20
Context: Acceptance of individuals and the use of technology by users are an important factor.
Aims: This study is aimed to investigate the acceptance of the hospital information system (HIS) among the educational hospitals.
Setting and Design: Educational hospitals of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, cross-sectional study.
Materials and Methods: This study conducted in 2018. Census sampling method was used, and the sample of this study was 400 nurses, physicians, and paramedical staff. In this study, the unified theory of the acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT) questionnaire was used for data collection.
Statistical Analysis Used: The present study has been analyzed using structural equation modeling.
Results: The results demonstrated that the behavioral intention (BI) to use HIS was predicted by performance expectancy (β = 2.08, P < 0.05), effort expectancy (β = 3.73, P < 0.01), and social influence (β = 6.83, P < 0.01). Furthermore, use behavior was predicted by facilitating conditions (β = 2.96, P < 0.01) and BI (β = 8.15, P < 0.01). These antecedents, respectively, determined 61% and 59% of the variance of BI and use behavior (R2 = 0.61, 0.59).
Conclusions: The results of this study showed that the acceptance of HIS, directly and significantly influenced by the UTAUT model.
Keywords: Delivery of healthcare, Hospital information systems, Unified theory of acceptance and use of technology
How to cite this article:
Barzegari S, Ghazisaeedi M, Askarian F, Jesmi AA, Gandomani HS, Hasani A. Hospital information system acceptance among the educational hospitals. J Nurs Midwifery Sci 2020;7:186-93 |
How to cite this URL:
Barzegari S, Ghazisaeedi M, Askarian F, Jesmi AA, Gandomani HS, Hasani A. Hospital information system acceptance among the educational hospitals. J Nurs Midwifery Sci [serial online] 2020 [cited 2023 Nov 29];7:186-93. Available from: https://www.jnmsjournal.org/text.asp?2020/7/3/186/290547 |
| Introduction | |  |
Hospitals have a variety of information systems that are used to provide accurate and effective information,[1] one of the most important systems is the hospital information system (HIS). This system is a comprehensive software package for integrating patient information among wards and treatment centers in order to expedite the care process, increase satisfaction, improve service quality, and reduce costs.[2] This system not only improves decision-making in health and treatment but also plays an important role in the development of organizational performance by providing patient information and record.[3]
Due to the advent of new technologies, the medical community needs to find a better way to provide better health services.[4] Previous studies have shown that health workers play an important role in the acceptance and evaluation of HISs.[5],[6],[7] Health workers have the main effect on the development of health-care systems because they share health information that affects the health and treatment of patients.[8] The rapid growth of information technology (IT) investment in the world has made user acceptance into an important issue in the implementation and management of technology.[9] Acceptance of individuals and the use of technology by users are an important factor in the success of the implementation of IT.[10]
Based on Dwivedi et al., in 2019, first formalized an alternative theoretical model for explaining the acceptance and use of information system and IT innovations. It showed that attitude: Was central to behavioral intentions and usage behaviors, partially mediated the effects of exogenous constructs on behavioral intentions, and had a direct influence on usage behaviors.[11] According to the Engin and Gürses study performance expectancy (PE), effort expectancy (EE), and social influence (SI) variables have positive and significant effects on the behavioral intention (BI) of hospital staff for using of HISs. In addition, facilitating conditions (FC) and BI variables have a positive and significant effect on usage behavior. On the other hand, it was found that gender has a moderator effect on the relationship between PE, EE and BI. Experience has a moderator effect on the relationship between the SI and the BI while age has a moderator effect on the relationship between FC and use behavior.[12]
In this model, there are four factors in the intention of individuals to use technology, which include: PE, EE, SI and FC.[13] In addition to the four factors, moderating factors also play important roles such as gender, age, and experience.[14]
According to Venkatesh et al. (2003), PE means the degree that a person believes, using this system will help him to succeed in his career.[15] According to the findings of the studies, the strongest factor in the individual's intentions is PE.[16],[17] PE is positively related to BI. This factor consists of five structures: perceived usefulness, outcome expectations, job-fit, relative advantage, and extrinsic motivation.[18] EE is defined as the ease of use of technology[19] and the level of comfort felt when using IT.[20] SI is the level of individual belief that other people who are important to the person believe that he/she needs to use the new technology.[21] FC mean that the person believes that the organization and technical infrastructure are available to support the use of technology.[22] These structures play an important role in understanding people's usefulness, increasing productivity, and the role of individuals in a positive effect in the workplace.[13] Considering the role of IT in reducing the costs imposed on the health system, increasing patient and staff satisfaction, productivity, and finally improving the quality of provided care services,[23],[24] the purpose of this study was to examine the factors affecting acceptance of hospital IT by nurses, physicians and paramedical staff of educational hospitals of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences using the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT). The main objective of this study was to investigate the factors affecting the acceptance of HIS based on the UTAUT in educational hospitals of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences.
| Materials and Methods | | |
The present study was a cross-sectional study conducted in 2018, which has been analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM). Census sampling method was used, and the sample of this study was 400 nurses, physicians and paramedical staff of educational hospitals (at least 5–10 sample for each question in UTAUT questionnaire) (Bu-Ali Hospital, Imam Khomeini, Fatemeh Zahra and Zare of Sari) of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, which do all or part of their activities with the HIS. Educational hospitals included Bu-Ali Hospital, Imam Khomeini, Fatemeh Zahra, and Zare of Sari. These hospitals have a HIS that is responsible for the registration, collection, integration, reporting, and transmission of medical, diagnostic, and clinical data, and systems that were solely for finance are not included in this study. Inclusion criteria were working with HIS for at least 1 year, intention for participation, exclusion criterion was failure to complete the questionnaire.
A total of 400 participants were enlisted in 2018 from July to September to complete the UTAUT questionnaire to collect data. A section was added to the beginning of the questionnaire, in which the purpose of the data collection and the importance of the respondent's cooperation in completing were written. Then, general and demographic data were collected regarding respondents' age, sex, education, and daily use of HIS. UTAUT questionnaire included 36 questions, including PE variables, EE, FC, and SI. The reliability and validity of the Persian version of this questionnaire were approved by Najafi et al.[25] The questionnaire was presented for 3 months in hospitals from July to September and in all shifts, and respondents filled out questions if they were satisfied and volunteer. Depending on the specific circumstances of some sectors, it was not possible to fill in the questionnaire.
In the first step, SPSS software version 16 (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA) was used for descriptive analysis of variables. The reliability of each of the factors of the UTAUT model was assessed using Cronbach's alpha. In the next stage, the confirmatory analysis and SEM techniques were used to check and validate the assumptions of the study using Amos software version 16.
To assess the normality, the univariate and multivariate normality indices were used. Multivariate normality is one of the important assumptions in SEM.[26],[27] Univariate distributions were used for outlier data, skewness, and curvature. Multivariate distributions were used to check the normalization of multivariate outliers. Mardia test was used to assess multivariate normality. The coefficient and multivariate outliers were also investigated by Mahalanobis distance.[28]
To evaluate the internal consistency of the UTAUT, the Cronbach's alpha coefficient was considered to be >0.7 for the internal stability of the questionnaire. Although some sources report that the optimal alpha should be at least 0.9,[28] construct reliability should be calculated for concealed structures if it was above 0.7.[29] To establish convergent validity, the Average Variance Extracted (AVE) must be higher than 0.5, and to confirm the divergent validity, maximum shared variance (MSV) and average shared variance (ASV) must be less than AVE.[30]
Some items in the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) that have the loading factor more than 0.5 were stayed in the model [Table 1],[31] and in the second step, the confirmed factors that were verified using CFA, were entered in SEM Chi-square test was used for the goodness of fit in the model, but since this index is sensitive to the sample size, it rejected the model with a significant level of P < 0.05.[32] Therefore, we used maximum likelihood estimation. In [Table 2], the fitting indices of the model were presented. | Table 1: Factor loading, Cronbach's Alpha and square root of average variance extracted for each construct
Click here to view |
In this study, SEM was used to study the effects of independent variables on dependent variables. The main purpose of the application of SEM is to estimate the value of the observed parameters (endogenous) and hidden (exogenous). An endogenous variable is defined as a variable that is influenced by other variables in the model and is in contrast to the exogenous variables that do not receive any effect from other variables in the model.[33] Since there are several independent variables in the present study, the use of the structural equation model is necessary that their effects on the dependent variable should be considered. This study approved by the Committee of Ethics in Research at this university under the code IR.MAZUMS.REC.1398.1628:
| Results | | |
The results showed that 89.5% of the respondents were female, 10.5% were male, and 85% of all respondents were between 25 and 40 years.
[Table 1] showed each construct's related Cronbach's alpha and the square root of AVE. An alpha value of 0.70 or above was considered to be the criterion for demonstrating the internal consistency of the scales (Nunnally 1994). The internal consistencies of the constructs were considered acceptable (Cronbach's alpha 0.92). Cronbach's alpha did not increase by eliminating any of the items. The results demonstrated that BI to use HISs was predicted by PE (β = 2.08, P < 0.05), EE (β = 3.73, P < 0.01), SI (β = 6.83, P < 0.01) and FC (β = 2.84, P < 0.01).
The effect of the use behavior on the BI was (β = 8.15, P < 0.01) and the effect of the use behavior on the facilitating condition was equal to (β = 2.97, P < 0.01). Nurses, physicians, and paramedical staffs intention to use HIS was predictable by PE (β = 2.08, P < 0.05, EE β = 3.73, P < 0.01), SI (β = 6.83, P < 0.01) and FC (β = 2.84, P < 0.01). Intention to use HIS was predictable by PE (β = 2.08, P < 0.05, EE β = 3.73, P < 0.01), SI (β = 6.83, P < 0.01) and FC (β = 2.84, P < 0.01). The effects of these antecedents of BI determined 61% of the variance in intention to use HISs (R2 = 0.61). The impact of BI of 61% determined the variance of intention to use HIS. Also, use behavior was also 59% (R2 = 0.59).
Application of the research model suggested that nurses, physicians, and paramedical staffs' acceptance of HISs were influenced by PE, EE, SI, and FC, with SI having the strongest effect on user intention. The results of this study showed that HIS acceptance was affected by PE, EE, SI, and FC. Furthermore, SI has had the most impact on users' intentions.
[Table 2] shows the results of the fittest modeling of structural equations calculated by Amos software. [Table 3] also presented the results of the evaluation of the hypotheses of the study. The direct and indirect effects and the overall effect of different factors on each other also indicated the significance of these effects. [Figure 1] shows the fitted conceptual model of the study by SEM. | Figure 1: The fitted conceptual model of study by structural equation modeling
Click here to view |
According to the reported indices, fitting of the appropriate model was evaluated, and most of the loading factors were >0.5, indicating that the minimum acceptable loading factor. In the CFA, the results of the Chi-square test were obtained. Then, to evaluate the fitting of the model, other indicators were examined. According to [Table 3], all indicators confirmed the fitness of the final model., AVE, for all factors was larger than 0.5 and also the AVE of each factor was larger than ASV and MSV [Table 1]. The results showed that the UTAUT construct had suitable convergent and divergent validity.
| Discussion | | |
The results of this study showed that BI to use HIS by SI (β = 6.83, P < 0.01), EE (β = 3.73, P < 0.01), FC (β = 2.84, P < 0.01) and PE (β = 2.08, P < 0.05). The results of this study have a positive and significant effect on PE, EE, SI, and FC in predicting BI of staffs as main constituents and finally, UATAUT model is confirmed. Therefore, SI, EE, FC, and PE had a positive effect on the behavior of staff in relation to HIS. In confirmation of these results, the results of the study conducted by Aggelidis and Chatzoglou showed that the four main structures of the UTAUT model significantly influenced the intention of the hospital staff to accept HIS.[34] The study of Sharifianet al., also related to the factors influencing HIS acceptance, showed that all four constructs of the UATAUT model significantly influenced the intention of nurses to use HIS.[20],[21]
Furthermore, in the present study, SI was the strongest predictor of BI. This factor consists of three structures: The subjective norm, social factors, and perceptions. Several studies have confirmed the essential role of SIs on behavioral intent and decision-making.[34],[35],[36] Several studies have examined the SI on technology acceptance, but the findings of these studies are contradictory. Davis et al.[37] and Mathieson[24] found that there was a weak relationship between subjective norms and BI. Jeng and Tzeng also found that there was no significant relationship between SI and the intention to use the clinical decision support system (CDSS) in assessing the predictive factors affecting the intention of the health-care professionals in the use of the CDSS. It seems that the reasons for the inconsistency of this finding with the present study were the differences in the type of system desired by users.[38]
While Moore and Benbasat,[39] Taylor and Todd[36] and Thompson et al. (1991)[40] found a significant relationship in this field. Bennani and Oumlil also looked at the factors influencing IT acceptance based on the UTAUT model and reported that among the model structures, SI had the greatest impact on BI in using IT.[41] Wills et al. also evaluated the acceptance of nurses and their use of the Electronic Medical Record (EMR), and found that among the UATAUT model constructs, SI had the most direct impact on nursing behavioral intent on using IT.[42] The study of Hennington et al., which examined the experiences of nurses using the EMR, also showed that there was a strong relationship between the intention to use the EMR system and SI.[43] When a person is double-minded in selecting a behavior, he/she often considers others' opinion to decide on the right behavior, and when people get more information in this way, they are more confident in the selected behaviour.[44] Therefore, when users of a system experience the benefits of easy use of HIS, users of a system will benefit from HIS.
Use behavior has a direct and significant effect on the BI (β = 8.15, P < 0.01) and FC (β = 2.97, P < 0.01). These results were consistent with the result of the study conducted by Phichitchaisopa and Naenna (2013).[45] In relation to FC, this finding was consistent with the study of Kijsanayotin et al. (2009),[46] Zhou et al. (2012),[47] and Rouibah et al. (2009)[48]
This finding suggests that infrastructure support, such as computer systems or knowledge is one of the essential components of the actual use behavior of HIS. The internal and external organizations, which are part of the FC, provide users, and especially physicians, with an opportunity to influence their behavior. Internal organizations include healthcare support provided through technical assistance for the use of health-care technology provided through technology staff. Some physicians may have some of the knowledge they need to use health-care technology. Therefore, there is a need to recruit IT personnel in health care to provide support for health-care technology. Ministry of Health is one of the external organizations in each country, which can play a significant role in improving IT in healthcare and reducing the costs associated with launching the HIS system.[49] Therefore, there is a need for support from internal and external organizations such as IT personnel and technical resources.
In the present study, the impact of SI, EE, and PE totally determined 61% of the variance of intention to use HIS. The effect of FC and BI has also determined 59% of the variance of use behavior. Phichitchaisopa and Naenna, (2013), examined the factors influencing HIS selection based on the UATAUT model in Thailand indicating the effect of the main predictors of BI based on the UATAUT model was 26% of the BI and 20% of the variance of use behavior.[45] Sharifian et al. also reported that the predictive effect of BI in the UTAUT model was 72.8% of the variance in the BI of nurses in accepting the use of HIS.[21] According to the results of the study performed by Wills et al., the UTAUT model determined 51% of BI variance and 28.2% of the variance of the use behavior.[42]
The large sample size of the present study, high response rate (94%), and the use of a diverse sample including nurses, physicians, and paramedical staff using HIS were the strengths of this study, which can be more reliable in generalizing the findings. Considering that most participants in this study were female (89.5%) and under the age of 40 (85%), it could be biased. Therefore, it is recommended that future studies of different ages and both sexes were used in the study. From a managerial point of view, the findings of this study can be a useful tool for proposing hospital managers who need to examine the effectiveness of integrating new technologies in their organization. Furthermore, the results of this study will help managers to understand the enhancers of HIS acceptance by health-care providers.
| Conclusions | | |
The results of this study showed that the intention to behavior nurses, physicians, and paramedical staff is directly and significantly influenced by SI, EE, FC, and improved performance. However, the most predictive of BI is provided by SI constructs. Furthermore use behavior construct has been directly and significantly influenced by the intention of behavior and FC.
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
Author's contributions
Saeed Barzegari, substantial contribution to conception and design acquisition of data, Marjan Ghazisaeedi and Fatemeh Askarian analysis and interpretation of data. Hamid reza Sadeghi Gandomani Translated from Persian Language to English language. Abdolmotaleb Hassani revised it critically. Ali asghar Jesmi made Endnote and final edition. All the authors approved the final version to be published.
Financial support and sponsorship
This work was supported by the Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences.
Acknowledgment
This article is the result of a research project approved by deputy of research and technology. We would like to thank the physicians and paramedical staff of educational hospitals (Bu-Ali Hospital, Imam Khomeini, Fatemeh Zahra and Zare of Sari) of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences who participated in this research with the informed consent and completed the questionnaire.
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[Figure 1]
[Table 1], [Table 2], [Table 3]
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| Sarah Ranjana Güsken, Katrin Frings, Faizan Zafar, Timur Saltan, Paul Fuchs-Frohnhofen, Jan Bitter-Krahe | | Zeitschrift für Arbeitswissenschaft. 2021; | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | |
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