Background and Purpose: The premenstrual syndrome is the emergence of a set of symptoms before menstrual which results in imbalance in individual's life and daily activities. Today the prescription of herbals is recommended for the treatment of the illnesses. The present study aimto pinpoint the effect of primrose oil on the premenstrual syndrome. Methods: The study was a triple blind clinical-trial which was conducted with 80 female university students residing in Lorestan Medical University hostels. The samples were selected based on the DSMIV-TR criterion for the premenstrual syndrome. Using block-randomization method, they were categorized into two groups (each 40), one treated with primrose oil and the other with placebo. The dose of the primrose oil is 1500 mg per day for the first group. The total score for sever symptom (for each from 0 to 10) was assigned at first monthly and then for three months. For the data analysis χ2 and repeated measures were deployed. Results: The score for symptom severity before the intervention for the primrose group was 53.20 ± 14.31 at the beginning. At the end of the third month, it got 33.62 ± 16.94 therewas a significant difference in the reduction of symptom severity in the follow-up periods (p < 0001). In the Placebo group, the score for sever it ysymptom before the intervention was 53.38 ± 13.93. At the end of the third month after treatment, it was 50.27 ± 16.94. This didn't show any significant difference in the decrease of the symptom severity in the follow-up period. There was a significant difference for the symptom severity in both primrose and Placebo group (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Taking the effect of primrose oil on premenstrual syndrome reduction and the harmlessness of hessrb medicals into account, bioresearches recommend primrose oil for the treatment of premenstrual syndrome.

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Background and Purpose: Inserting a nasogastric tube, though a common clinical procedure with widespread use for critically ill patients, can produce unexpected complications so that tube misplacement into the lungs is a potential complication with serious consequences. The reliability of common bedside methods to differentiate between pulmonary and gastric placement has not been acceptable. The goal of this study was to review the diagnostic accuracy of methods in detecting inadvertent airway intubation and verifying correct placement of nasogastric tube and restrictions. Methods: A review of Pub Med, Medline and CINAHL databases has been conducted to identify peer-reviewed, English language, human subject research studies published between the years 1994 and 2013.The research was conducted on the confirmation, methods and restrictions of NGT in the adult's population. Out off 151 English publications, 29 were duplicates and 2 were animal studies. Quality assessments, data extractions and analysis were completed on all included studies. Results: Although methods for assessing correct NGT location at the bedside are available, each has its limitations. The methods include auscultation (the most common method), PH testing of aspirates, capnography, insertion under direct vision and magnetic detection. All studies used X-rays as the reference standard for comparison since auscultation is unreliable. Conclusion: While none of the existing bedside methods for testing the position of nasogastric tubes is totally reliable, the evidence suggest that using more than one method for confirmation of nasogastric tube position is necessary.

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Background and Purpose: Needle stick injuries (NSIs) remains a significant risk of occupational transmission of Blood-borne pathogens in health care workers (HCWs). This study aimed to determine the “Risk Factors of Needlestick and Sharps Injuries among Healthcare Workers in Naft hospital, Mahshahr”. Methods: A descriptive-cross sectional study carried out on 135 HCWs in Naft hospital in Mahshar, in 2011-12. Data were collected by a self-administered questionnaire. The first part included questions about demographic characteristics. The second part of the questionnaire consisted of 11 items related to the sharp instrument injuries. After confirming content and face validity, reliability of the questionnaire was determined to be 0.88, using Cronbach's alpha test. Data analysis, including descriptive and analytical statistics was performed using SPSS Ver. 16. A P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The mean age of the participants was 33.83 +/- 6.22. (24-50) years old and 69.3% were females. The incidence rate of NSI was 64.1%. Recapping of needles (25.8%) and IV access (19.7%) were the most common actions resulted to exposure. Exposed people believed that the most important reason for NSIs was patients unpercaution (38.5%), and crowdedness (33.8%).The most injuries were occurred in the emergency department(21%) and Internal ward(16.1%). 80.8% of nurses had been vaccinated against hepatitis B virus. There weren't statistically significant differences in demographic variables with NSIs. Conclusion: The present study showed a high occurrence of NSI among HCWs in this Mahshar hospital. Training in handling and disposal of sharps, preventing and reporting strategies are needed to increase safety practices for HCWs.

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Background and Purpose: To improve life quality, and lower mortality and rehospitalization for heart failure patients, awareness and adherence to self-care behaviors are essential. This study aims to determine the adherence level to self-care behaviors in the patients with systolic heart failure hospitalized in Alborz hospital in Karaj andShahriar hospital, and it was conducted in 2013. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 100 patients with at least one year experience of developing heart failure and ejection fraction below 40% were studied. They were admitted to Alborz Social Security hospital of Karaj and the Social Security Hospital Shahriar during 2012-2013. They were selected through convenience sampling. Demographic data and European Heart Failure Self-care Behavior questionnaires were completed through interviews. Data analysis has been done using SPSS, V.18 and independent t-test and ANOVA. Results: 84% of the subjects had moderate and 10% had poor adherence to self-care. The best adherence to self-care behaviors was related to the drug and diet regimen and the poorest to the daily weight control and exercise. There was a significant relationship between self-care behaviors and age (p=0.011), marital status (p=0.008), the number of chronic diseases (p=0.048), hypertension (p=0.038), chronic pulmonary obstruction (p=0.029), renal disease (p=0.017) and severity of the disease (p=0.032). Conclusion: Adherence to self-care behaviors in heart failure patients is not appropriate. Training and following up self-care behaviors should focus on the specific problems of aging, social support, diet and drug regimens simplification and its relation with other chronic diseases.

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Background and Purpose: Iran's nursing has witnessed remarkable changes in the period 1914 to 1945 that could be a turning point in the history of the nursing professionin Iran. This paper is a survey of modern nursing transformation history in the historical period of the World Wars and their impacton the development of the nursing profession in Iran. Methods: In the present historical study, following the statement of the problem, by an aim to access to the relevant information resources, we studied primary and secondary sources relevant to the research topic. 107 documents including photos, letters, official reports, journal archives, websites, memories, autobiographies, articles and books were studied. To complete the social conditions in this period of the history, the oral tradition history was used, too. First, the social situation of Iran at these periods of history was briefly reviewed and collected data were analyzed. Finally, the causal relationships in the development of nursing-related incidents were investigated. Results: The results of this study can be divided into three sections: socio-political situation in Iran during the Word Wars, the beginning of modern nursing and the start of academic nursing training in Iran. Based on our findings, interactions of multiple factors such as war, famine, presence of foreign forces, and beginning the modern age have led to the onset of modern nursing and nursing education in Iran. Conclusions: This study showed how the response to a social need, and at a critical juncture in the history of Iran, would lead to the quantitative and qualitative development of nursing as an academic discipline.

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Background and Purpose: Communication has become a core topic in nursing care and investigations on this topic could have a significant impact on increasing nursing quality services. The present study aims to evaluate the communication skills and nursing staff component focusing on emotional management, others' perception and self-expression. Methods: This is a cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study to determine the communication skills of military nursing staffs in Tehran, elected in 2013. 340 staff nurses working at internal medicine, surgery, intensive care unit (ICU) and emergency were enrolled. Data were gathered using a designed questionnaire and by using SPSS 18 and Chi-square analysis. Validity and reliability testing using alpha-Cronbach has been obtained 0.66. Results: 52.1% of the participants were women. The mean age was 35.29 (±7.5) and the mean score of communication skill was 116.14 (±9.43). Between communication skills & the variables of age, education, nursing responsibilities, there was a significant correlation (P<0.05). The relationship between communication skill and components (emotional management, others' perception, self expression) was positive and significant (p< 0.001). Conclusion: The communication score in this study was average. Therefore, in order to promote efficiency and improve care quality, encouraging the employees to utilize these skills and monitoring this execution and also developing short term courses with the subjects as emotional management, others' perception, and self-expression, in the communicative skills are recommended.

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Background and Purpose: Influenza (flu) causes many hospitalization and death in the year. It is recommended health care workers (HCW) receive the annual flu vaccine. But studies have shown that a few of medical staffs are vaccinated against flu. This study was conducted to determine the incentives and disincentives of flu vaccination in nurses. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 200 nurses in teaching hospitals in Shahid Sadoughi University in 2011. The Samples were selected randomly. The data collection tool was a 35-point self-administered questionnaire about the incentive and disincentive for flu vaccination. Frequencies, percentages, mean, standard deviation, and chi-square were used for statistical analysis. Results: According to the findings, 32.5% of nurses were vaccinated, the main factors for encouraging vaccination were: personal protection (95%), family safety (25.5%), not being concerned about spreading the disease (18%), and following other health workers (26.5%). The main factors inhibiting for the vaccination were: not believing in the effectiveness of the vaccine (26%), lacking of information about vaccine (31%) and not being worried about flu (26%). Conclusion: Based on the results, the incentives for vaccination in nurses were protection against the disease and the persuasion of other HCWs. The most inhibitors were the high cost of vaccination and lack of knowledge about flu vaccination. It is, therefore, necessary to promote vaccination in nursing staffs by offering more facilities such as vaccination in the workplace, providing free immunizations and educational actions.

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Background and Purpose: Retirement is an important event in nurses' life. Preparation and planning are the essential necessities before nurses get retired. Healthcare leaders play an important role in preparing nurses for retirement. This study aims to explore the process by which nurses were prepared for retirement. Methods: The theory development method according to Walker and Avant was used to derive a model from the reviewed literature. Based on Walker and Avant's (2005) three-step method, retirement planning for the nurses has been conducted. The first step is to identify the key concepts for manufacturing and processing the theoretical basis, The second stage, the literature review is done to identify the factors related to the focal concepts and the nature of the framework's concept. In third stage of theory, the concepts and statements are organized generally concerning the study phenomenon. Results: Four categories were identified influencing nurses' preparation for retirement: “enjoying appropriate education”, “prevention from financial strait”, “appropriate work conditions before retirement”, and “reduced negative interactions”. Conclusion: Prepare for retirement induced transfer to successful retirement. Understanding these factors can be used to aid nursing leaders to prepare nurses for retirement.

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