Context: Pressure injuries are localized damage to the skin or underlying tissue that usually occurs over a bony prominence areas as a result of usually long-term pressure that occurs by staying in one position for too long. This preventable threat makes patient stay in the hospital longer than it should be; raised the cost of patient care, cause pain and discomfort, which is totally not acceptable in the health care system. Aims: Consequently, this study aims to examine the knowledge and practice of nurses towards pressure injury prevention in very ill patients and also to evaluate the method used in the prevention and treatment of a patient that is at high risks, such as diabetic patients. Setting and Design: This is a descriptive research design conducted on Nurses at the University of Benin Teaching Hospital, Benin City, Nigeria, 2019. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted among 200 nurses from different wards and units through a stratified probability sampling method, and a self-structured questionnaire were designed, administered, and retrieved. Statistical Analysis Used: Data collected were analyzed using descriptive statistics, mean, and standard deviation at 0.05 levels of significance through the Statistical Package for the Social Science software. Results: The knowledge of Nurses on pressure injury treatment and prevention had a mean score of 34 (±0.29). The result also revealed a low level of practice of pressure injury prevention with composite percentage scores of 39.5%. Conclusion: There is good knowledge toward pressure injury prevention, but the practice level is low and this is found to be associated with a shortage of workforce and availability of materials for the prevention of pressure injury. Therefore, the hospital managers should employ more nurses to facilitate and improve the quality of care given to the nonambulant patient in the hospital to prevent pressure injury.

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Context: Adolescents with conduct disorder have many problems in oppositional defiant and aggressive behaviors, which can be exacerbated by not treating these problems. Aims: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the comparative effectiveness of parental behavior management training and schema therapy on aggression and oppositional defiant in adolescents. Settings and Design: This was a semi-experimental study with two experimental and control groups with pre- and posttest plan. Materials and Methods: The statistical population of this study included all 63 adolescents girls and boys with conduct disorder in Ahvaz city in 2019, that using the voluntary sampling method, 45 of them were selected and randomly divided into two experimental groups and one control group (each group of 15 people). To collect the data of aggression questionnaire of Buss and Perry (1992) and oppositional defiant questionnaire of Harada et al. (2004) was used. The experimental groups underwent parental behavior management training (9 sessions 60 min) and group schema therapy (8 sessions 90 min), but the control group received no training. Statistical Analysis Used: The collected data were analyzed using analysis of covariance using the SPSS version 24. Results: The results showed that parental behavior management training had a greater effect than group schema therapy on the improvement of aggression and oppositional defiant (P < 0.01). Conclusions: Parental behavior management training has more effectiveness on reducing aggression and coping disobedience and it can have practical implications for therapists.

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The term accommodation refers to the response of family members to the patient's obsessive-compulsive (OC) symptoms. Accommodation is associated with the severity of patients' symptoms and poorer therapeutic response. Thus, the present study has been conducted to review the Psychological interventions' effect on accommodative behaviors of family members' of patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). “the keywords Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder” or “OCD,” “Family”, “Family Members,” “Relative,” “Treatment,” “OCD Treatment,” “Accommodation,” “Family Accommodation,” “Family Involvement,” and “Family Participation” in the available databases including Google, Google Scholar, Science Direct, Scopus, Ovid, and Medline. The inclusion criteria are as follows: (1) the studies were written in English, (2) adult participants, and (3) the studies conducted between 2000 and 2018. After reviewing all the articles found (136 articles), 13 articles have been applied to prepare the present article. Having read the full text of the relevant articles, the data needed for writing this review article have been extracted, sorted and summarized. The finding showed that accommodation is prevalent in family members of patients with OCD. Accommodation is associated with poorer response treatment and severity of symptoms. Therefore, family accommodation should be considered as important and interpersonal phenomenon in the treatment of patients with OCD.

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Context: Death is always considered as one of the major concerns of humankind. In spite of the diverse believes about the concept of death which are heavily influenced by the culture and traditions of societies, there are also commonalities regarding it. Aims: The aim of this study was to analyze the concept of human death by Walker and Avant concept analysis method. Setting and Design: This is a concept analysis and library study. Materials and Methods: To clarify the concept of death, the internet search of the Persian and English words death, dying ‘dying patient, concept analysis and Walker and Avant was done in SAGE, PubMed, Medline, Google scholar, science direct, and Scopus databases and the related articles and book about death were reviewed. In the present study, it was attempted to extract the commonalities of death and clarify this concept further. To clarify the concept of death, the Walker and Avant model was used. Statistical Analysis Used: No statistical methods were used in this study. Results: The findings reveal that death is a metaphysical phenomenon with features such as a part of life from the beginning of creation; an ambiguous and sometimes horrific truth; too far; too close; certain and inevitable truth; universal for all beings; a necessity for excellence; divine blessing for man; passage to another world and irreversible. Conclusions: It seems that this concept requires more and more research, and deeper knowledge and appreciation regarding it can lead to more positive and logical attitudes toward it.

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Context: Care is an integral part, and the core of the nursing profession, but fundamental nursing care maybe overlooked and neglected. Learning how to provide these types of care and emphasizing them are an important part of nursing education. Aims: The present study was conducted to explain the perception of nursing students in providing patients with fundamental nursing care. Setting and Designs: The present qualitative study was done with 12 nursing students in one nursing faculty in the north of Iran in the year 1397. Materials and Methods: In this conventional content analysis study, we collected data through individual semi-structured interviews with 12 undergraduate nursing students whom had passed at least five semesters. Statistical Analysis Used: Data collected were analyzed using an inductive approach to conventional content analysis based on the five steps proposed by Graneheim and Lundman. The interviews were promptly transcribed after they were recorded. Lincoln and Guba's criteria were used to confirm the trustworthiness and rigor of the data. Results: Analyzing the data extracted three categories, namely “Receiving a Rewards (subcategories consist of self-satisfaction, honor, supportiveness, helpfulness, power)”, “Paying the Costs (subcategories consist of Dichotomy and conflict, Physical and mental, annoyance)” and “Effective factors (subcategories consist of Professional trainings, familial/cultural teachings, religious teachings feedback received from others)”. Conclusion: The nursing students perceived providing fundamental nursing care as “Receiving a reward” and “Paying the cost,” which are affected by different factors. Therefore, nursing instructors should help students balance this contrasting feeling.

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Context: Academic engagement structure includes learning-related behaviors and teaching methods. Aims: The purpose of this study was to investigate mediating role of learning experience in the relationship between transformational teaching methods with academic engagement in student. Settings and Design: The research method was descriptive-correlational and, in particular, structural equation modeling. Materials and Methods: The statistical population of the study was 571 high school students in the city of Mahmoudabad in 2019. Three hundred and thirty students were selected through a cluster sampling method of two stages. Furthermore, Beauchamp et al. (2010) transformational teaching methods Questionnaire, Fredricks, Blumenfeld, and Paris (2004) academic engagement Questionnaire, and the Hänze and Berger (2007) Learning Experience Questionnaire were used. In this research, data analysis was done by structural equation modeling in SPSS 18 and Amos 23. Statistical Analysis Used: The collected data were analyzed using structural regression equations using SPSS 18 and Amos 23 software. Results: The results showed that there is a significant direct relationship between transformational teaching methods with learning experience with academic engagement (P ≤ 0.01). The research model was fit and validated, and 0.428 of the variance of academic engagement was explained by transformational teaching methods and learning experience. Learning experience in the relationship between transformational teaching methods with learning experience with academic engagement was mediating (P ≤ 0.01). Conclusions: Academic engagement changes on the basis of direct, transformational teaching methods of teachers, and indirect learning experience of students can be explained.

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Context: Acceptance of individuals and the use of technology by users are an important factor. Aims: This study is aimed to investigate the acceptance of the hospital information system (HIS) among the educational hospitals. Setting and Design: Educational hospitals of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, cross-sectional study. Materials and Methods: This study conducted in 2018. Census sampling method was used, and the sample of this study was 400 nurses, physicians, and paramedical staff. In this study, the unified theory of the acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT) questionnaire was used for data collection. Statistical Analysis Used: The present study has been analyzed using structural equation modeling. Results: The results demonstrated that the behavioral intention (BI) to use HIS was predicted by performance expectancy (β = 2.08, P < 0.05), effort expectancy (β = 3.73, P < 0.01), and social influence (β = 6.83, P < 0.01). Furthermore, use behavior was predicted by facilitating conditions (β = 2.96, P < 0.01) and BI (β = 8.15, P < 0.01). These antecedents, respectively, determined 61% and 59% of the variance of BI and use behavior (R2 = 0.61, 0.59). Conclusions: The results of this study showed that the acceptance of HIS, directly and significantly influenced by the UTAUT model.

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Context: Sex training is effective in enhancing marital quality and sexual knowledge, which leads sexual attitudes in the right direction. Aims: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of sexual training on marital quality, sexual attitudes and knowledge women in unconsummated marriages. Setting and Design: This study was a pretest-posttest quasi-experimental research with control group in Arezou-AliAbadian's Midwifery Counseling Center- Babol in 2018. Materials and Methods: Samples were divided into two intervention (N=25) and control (N=25) groups by simple randomly. The control group received no training. Research instruments included: Grimes Marital Quality Questionnaire, Sex Attitude and Knowledge Questionnaire and Sexual Skills Training Protocol with Cognitive-Behavioral Method; in ten sessions of 1.5 hours. Statistical Analysis Used: Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, T-test and chi-square tests Paired t-test and covariance analysis. Results: No significant difference was found within the two groups before and after the intervention in marital quality.Mean scores of couples' attitude and knowledge toward sex in the intervention group improved from 17.44±0.934 to 24.60±0.934 and 34.52±0.48 to 41.400±0.673 (P <0.001), respectively. The changes were not significant in the control group. The results of covariance analysis of the marital quality, Knowledge and Attitude on the post-test indicated that there was a significant difference between the two groups (P <0.001). Conclusion: The results showed that the couples' sexual training positively influenced on marital, attitudes and knowledge about sex. Sexual Training is recommended before marriage.

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Context: Men's participation in sexual and reproductive health (SRH) issues can help countries achieve their national development goals, such as reducing maternal mortality, increasing the use of contraceptives, and reducing the prevalence of human immunodeficiency virus infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Aims: The purpose of this study is to design and to determine the psychometric properties of a questionnaire on the assessment of men's attitudes toward male participation in women's SRH issues. Setting and Design: In this study, 449 married men from cities of Nowshahr and Chalus in Iran who were selected by the available sampling method completed Questionnaire on Assessment of Men's Attitudes in 2018. Materials and Methods: An exploratory sequential mixed-methods approach was used in the present study and focused on research instrument design performed in two qualitative and quantitative phases. Statistical Analysis: The formal validity, content, and structure (convergent and divergent validity) and the reliability of the scale were investigated. Confirmatory and exploratory factor analysis was performed using SPSS Amos 24 software. Results: Four factors fit to the assessment of men's attitudes are confirmed according to standard indicators that include “emotional and gender-based attention,” “support for girls,” “attention and supply of SRH, and prevention of violence.” Convergent and divergent validity for all factors, as well as internal consistency and structural stability, are acceptable. Conclusions: Given the importance and the necessity of male participation in women's reproductive health, this questionnaire was endowed with sufficient validity and reliability and could be useful to precisely assess men's attitudes in this regard.

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Context: Task shifting is one of the human resource development methods that can strengthening the spirit of job while developing employee's multidimensional perspective. Coinciding with beginning of Health care Reform Plan nationally at Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, the title of hygiene/midwifery expert in organizational chart changes to family health-care providers (as task-shifting staff). Aims: This study was conducted with the aim of identification of family health-care provider challenges in comprehensive health centers. Setting and Design: This is a qualitative study that was conducted in comprehensive health centers affiliated to Mashhad University of Medical Sciences in 2018. Materials and Methods: Interviews were conducted with 18 family health-care workers working at least for 5 years who experience the work condition prior to implementing health-care reform plan. The first participants through purposeful sampling and subsequent based on the findings of the research were selected. Data collection was implemented by a deep semi-structured interview. The average time of interviews was 55 min. Statistical Analyze Used: Data were analyzed by qualitative content analyzed method. Results: After summarizing and categorizing the items from the viewpoint of family health-care providers, five main theme (include: attitudinal, educational, motivational, management, and structural challenges) and 15 sub-theme were extracted as challenges of task shifting plan. Conclusions: Attention to the structural challenges and educational needs of family health-care providers, as well as improvement of management and their attitude and motivation are needed to increasing the quality of services and satisfaction in comprehensive health centers.

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